Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a promising choice for wastewater treatment in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). These units offer numerous advantages, including high removal rates of contaminants and reduced sludge production. This article reviews a comprehensive assessment of PVDF membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment.

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has emerged as a prominent solution for wastewater treatment due to its remarkable ability to achieve high effluent quality. Uniting membrane separation with biological processes, MBRs effectively remove suspended solids, organic contaminants, and bacteria. This comprehensive review will explore the fundamental

Nanobubbles, minute vesicles of gas encapsulated within a liquid, are emerging as a revolutionary platform with immense potential across various fields. These entities, often generated through advanced methods, possess remarkable attributes such as increased permeability. This inherent capability makes them suitable for a range of applications, oxy